WARNING

Zidovudine, also known as AZT (azidothymidine), is an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. While it can be effective in managing HIV, like any medication, it comes with potential risks and side effects. Here’s a brief overview:

• Bone Marrow Suppression: Zidovudine can cause suppression of bone marrow function, leading to decreased production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This can result in anemia, neutropenia (low white blood cell count), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
• Gastrointestinal Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are common gastrointestinal side effects of zidovudine. These symptoms can be bothersome but are usually reversible.
• Lactic Acidosis: Rarely, zidovudine has been associated with lactic acidosis, a serious condition characterized by an accumulation of lactic acid in the body. This can lead to symptoms such as weakness, rapid breathing, abdominal pain, and other metabolic disturbances.
• Myopathy and Neuropathy: Zidovudine use has been linked to muscle weakness (myopathy) and peripheral neuropathy. Patients may experience symptoms such as muscle pain, weakness, and tingling or numbness in the extremities.
• Liver Problems: Elevated liver enzymes and hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) have been reported in some individuals taking zidovudine. Severe liver complications are rare but can occur.
• Mitochondrial Toxicity: Zidovudine may cause mitochondrial toxicity, which can affect the function of cellular energy-producing structures called mitochondria. This can contribute to some of the side effects mentioned above.
• Hematologic Effects in Pregnancy: Zidovudine is often used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV during pregnancy. However, prolonged use during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of anemia in both the mother and the newborn.

It’s important for individuals taking zidovudine to be closely monitored by healthcare professionals, and any concerning symptoms should be promptly reported. The decision to use zidovudine and the management of its potential side effects should be individualized based on a patient’s overall health and the specific circumstances of their HIV infection. Patients should discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider.

Why is this medication prescribed?

Zidovudine, also known as AZT (azidothymidine), is an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It belongs to a class of drugs called nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Zidovudine helps to slow down the progression of HIV infection and can be used in combination with other antiretroviral medications as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

Here are some key points about the use of Zidovudine:

• HIV Treatment: Zidovudine is used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. It inhibits the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is necessary for the virus to replicate.
• Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission: Pregnant women with HIV may be prescribed Zidovudine to reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to their unborn child.
• Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Zidovudine may be used in certain situations as a preventive measure after potential exposure to HIV, such as occupational exposure in healthcare settings.

How should this medicine be used?

Here are some general guidelines for using Zidovudine:

• Dosage: Zidovudine comes as a capsule, tablet, and syrup to take by mouth. The dosage of Zidovudine can vary based on factors such as the patient’s age, weight, renal function, and other medications they may be taking. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and administration instructions provided by the healthcare provider.
• Combination Therapy: Zidovudine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral medications to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the risk of drug resistance.
• Regular Monitoring: Patients taking Zidovudine should undergo regular medical monitoring, including blood tests to assess the levels of CD4 cells and viral load. This helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.
• Adherence to Treatment: It is crucial for individuals to take Zidovudine consistently and as prescribed. Skipping doses or not following the prescribed regimen can lead to treatment failure and the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV.
• Potential Side Effects: Like any medication, Zidovudine may cause side effects. Common side effects include nausea, headache, and fatigue. Patients should report any unusual or severe side effects to their healthcare provider.
• Pregnancy Considerations: Pregnant women prescribed Zidovudine as part of their HIV treatment should follow their healthcare provider’s recommendations to prevent mother-to-child transmission.

It’s important to note that the information provided here is a general overview, and individual circumstances may vary. Patients should consult their healthcare provider for personalized advice and guidance regarding the use of Zidovudine or any other medications.

Other uses for this medicine

• Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT): Zidovudine is used to reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her child during childbirth. It may be used alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs.
• Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Zidovudine may be used as part of post-exposure prophylaxis in certain situations where there is a risk of HIV transmission after potential exposure, such as occupational exposure in healthcare settings.

What special precautions should I follow?

Special Precautions:

• Adherence to Dosage: It is crucial to adhere to the prescribed dosage and schedule. Missing doses or not taking the medication as directed can result in reduced effectiveness and the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV.
• Regular Monitoring: Patients taking zidovudine should undergo regular monitoring, including blood tests to assess CD4 cell counts and viral load. This helps healthcare providers evaluate the response to treatment and detect any potential side effects.
• Side Effects: Zidovudine may cause side effects, including nausea, headache, anemia, and myopathy (muscle problems). It’s essential to report any side effects to a healthcare provider.
• Bone Marrow Suppression: Zidovudine can suppress bone marrow function, leading to anemia and neutropenia. Regular blood tests are performed to monitor blood cell counts.
• Lactic Acidosis: There is a risk of lactic acidosis, a serious condition that can occur with the use of certain antiretroviral medications. Symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and abdominal pain. Seek medical attention if these symptoms occur.
• Pregnancy Considerations: Zidovudine is commonly used in pregnant women to prevent mother-to-child transmission. The benefits and potential risks should be carefully considered, and the healthcare provider will adjust the treatment plan accordingly.
• Drug Interactions: Zidovudine may interact with other medications. It is important to inform healthcare providers about all medications, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, to avoid potential interactions.
• Hepatic Impairment: Zidovudine is primarily eliminated through the liver, so caution is needed in patients with hepatic impairment.
• Renal Impairment: Dosage adjustment may be necessary in individuals with impaired renal function.
• Pediatric Considerations: Dosage adjustments may be needed for pediatric patients based on their weight and age.

Individuals taking zidovudine should always follow their healthcare provider’s instructions and report any concerns or side effects promptly. It’s essential to maintain open communication with healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective treatment.

What special dietary instructions should I follow?

There are no specific dietary restrictions associated with zidovudine. However, maintaining a healthy and balanced diet is generally beneficial for individuals living with HIV. A well-balanced diet can support overall health, including the immune system. Discuss any specific dietary concerns with your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian.

What should I do if I forget a dose?

If you forget to take a dose of zidovudine:

• If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it’s almost time for your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule.
• Do not double up: Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. Taking more than the prescribed amount can increase the risk of side effects.
• Inform your healthcare provider: If you consistently have difficulty remembering to take your medication, talk to your healthcare provider. They can provide strategies or alternatives to help with adherence.

What side effects can this medication cause?

Zidovudine (AZT) can cause various side effects, and it’s important for individuals taking this medication to be aware of potential adverse reactions. Not everyone will experience these side effects, and their severity can vary. Common and more serious side effects associated with zidovudine include:

Common Side Effects:

• Nausea: Feeling queasy or having an upset stomach.
• Headache: Pain or discomfort in the head.
• Fatigue: Feeling excessively tired or having a lack of energy.
• Muscle Weakness: Some individuals may experience weakness in the muscles.
• Insomnia: Difficulty sleeping or disturbances in sleep patterns.

More Serious Side Effects:

• Anemia: Zidovudine can suppress the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in red blood cell count. This can result in anemia, which may cause fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.
• Neutropenia: A decrease in the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), which can increase the risk of infections.
• Lactic Acidosis: This is a rare but serious condition that can occur with the use of certain antiretroviral medications, including zidovudine. Symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, and nausea.
• Hepatomegaly with Steatosis: Enlargement of the liver and accumulation of fat within the liver cells.
• Myopathy: Muscle problems, including inflammation and weakness.
• Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, which can cause abdominal pain and other symptoms.
• Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage that can cause tingling, numbness, or pain in the extremities.
• Changes in Body Fat Distribution: Redistribution or accumulation of body fat, including fat loss from the face, arms, and legs, and accumulation in the abdomen and back of the neck.

Allergic Reactions:

While rare, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to zidovudine. Signs of an allergic reaction may include rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, or difficulty breathing. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience these symptoms.

It’s essential for individuals taking zidovudine to report any side effects to their healthcare provider promptly. Healthcare providers can assess the severity of side effects, make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan, or recommend alternative medications if needed. The benefits of HIV treatment in slowing the progression of the disease generally outweigh the risks of side effects, but individual responses can vary. Regular communication with healthcare providers is crucial for effective management of HIV and its treatment.

What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication?

Storage and Disposal of Zidovudine:

• Storage:
  • Store zidovudine at room temperature, away from excessive heat and moisture.
  • Keep the medication in its original container, tightly closed, and out of reach of children.
  • Do not store zidovudine in the bathroom, as moisture can affect its stability.
• Disposal:
  • Dispose of unused or expired medications properly. Do not flush them down the toilet or throw them in the trash.
  • Check with your healthcare provider, local pharmacy, or local health department for information on safe disposal options, such as medication take-back programs.

In case of emergency/overdose

• In case of an overdose or emergency, seek immediate medical attention or contact a poison control center.
• Symptoms of overdose may include severe nausea, vomiting, confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures.
• Do not wait for symptoms to worsen; seek medical help promptly.

What other information should I know?

• Follow Healthcare Provider’s Instructions: Take zidovudine exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Do not adjust the dosage or stop taking the medication without consulting your healthcare provider.
• Regular Monitoring: Undergo regular monitoring, including blood tests, as recommended by your healthcare provider. Report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.
• Drug Interactions: Inform your healthcare provider about all medications, including prescription, over-the-counter, herbal supplements, and vitamins, to avoid potential drug interactions.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: If you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, discuss this with your healthcare provider. The benefits and potential risks of zidovudine during pregnancy should be carefully considered.
• Lifestyle Considerations: Maintain a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding alcohol and recreational drugs. Practice safe sex and take necessary precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV to others.
• Regular Healthcare Visits: Keep regular appointments with your healthcare provider for ongoing management of your HIV infection. Communicate openly with your healthcare team about any challenges or concerns you may have.
• Travel Considerations: If you plan to travel, ensure that you have an adequate supply of medication. Carry a copy of your prescription and necessary medical information.

Always consult your healthcare provider or pharmacist for specific guidance based on your individual health condition and needs. They can provide personalized advice and answer any questions you may have about the use, storage, and disposal of zidovudine.